actually we should talk about whether how Town style is to say sentient or sensient oh man sentient sensient sensient according to the dictionary the American pronunciation is s but

其實我們應該討論一下Town的風格是說sentient還是sensient。天啊sentient sensient sensient 根據字典美式發音是s但

interestingly a lot of the researchers in this area are British or Australian sentian let's just go with the sentient yeah we didn't win the Revolutionary War just to start saying sentient

有趣的是這個領域的很多研究者是英國人或澳洲人 sentian 我們就用sentient吧 我們沒有打贏獨立戰爭就為了現在開始說sentient

right now octopuses is it octopi octopuses uh crabs and lobsters can feel pain and will recognized as a sentient after the UK left the European Union they decided they needed a new

對吧 章魚 是octopi還是octopuses呢 章魚 螃蟹和龍蝦能感受到疼痛 將被認定為有感知能力 在英國離開歐盟後他們決定需要一個新的

Animal Welfare Law and they ended up including not just vertebrates but also any seapod molusk and any decopod crustacean including crabs lobsters crayfish prawns and Squids so all the ones we boil

動物福利法 他們最終不只納入脊椎動物 還包括任何頭足類軟體動物和任何十足目甲殼類 包括螃蟹、龍蝦、小龍蝦、蝦和烏賊 所以所有我們活煮的那些

alive this hasn't actually led to any specific regulations in the UK yet but it really made me wonder how do detect pain in animals that don't make faces and don't have

這還沒有導致英國任何具體的規定 但這真的讓我想知道我們如何在不會做表情、沒有聲音的動物身上檢測疼痛

voices and if we think that some animals are sensient but others aren't where do we draw the line if you're like me you were raised on Disney and Sir David Attenborough

如果我們認為某些動物有感知能力而其他的沒有 我們在哪裡劃線 如果你像我一樣是看迪士尼和大衛艾登堡爵士長大的

this is a catastrophe and you're probably thinking of course animals can feel things they're alive but we can see why this is a debate if we look at the old family

這是一場災難 你可能在想當然動物能感受到東西 它們是活的 但如果我們看看古老的生命樹 我們可以理解為什麼這是個辯論

tree so we're here with the other mammals we share an ancestor that lived around 200 million years ago in our line diverged from that of the reptiles and

所以我們在這裡和其他哺乳動物在一起 我們與大約兩億年前活著的祖先有共同血統 我們的這條線更早就與爬行動物和

birds a bit earlier together we make up the tetrapods which left the ocean and split off from the fish lineage over 400 million years ago and then when you get

鳥類分開了 我們一起組成了四足動物 這些動物離開海洋並在四億多年前從魚類血統中分離出來 然後當你到達

to the invertebrates like octopus squid crabs and insects our common ancestor with them would have been a very primitive wormlike thing that lived more than half a billion years ago so their

無脊椎動物如章魚、烏賊、螃蟹和崑蟲時 我們與它們的共同祖先會是一種非常原始的蟲狀生物 生活在超過五億年前 所以它們的

brains and ours developed completely independently we ended up with a neocortex that's the wrinkly outer layer of our brains it's an important part for our pain perception and it's Unique to

大腦和我們的是完全獨立發展的 我們最終擁有了新皮質 那是我們大腦皺褶的外層 它是我們疼痛感知的重要部分 而且是哺乳動物獨有的

mammals birds do have something similar so scientists seem to agree that at least mammals and birds are sensient but hold up can you define sensient really quick yeah so sence is

鳥類確實有類似的東西 所以科學家似乎同意至少哺乳動物和鳥類是有感知能力的 但等一下 你能快速定義一下感知能力嗎 好的 所以感知是

the ability to have good and bad feelings hm or maybe maybe it's better to say cience is the ability to have good and bad experiences that your ability to label the

擁有好的和壞的感受的能力 嗯 或者也許 也許更好的說法是感知是擁有好的和壞的體驗的能力 是你標記體驗的能力讓你

experience is what makes you s it's your ability to have the experience I guess I'm having trouble sorting out a sub subjective experience when there is something it is to be like

有感知 這是你擁有體驗的能力 我猜我在區分主觀體驗時有困難 當存在著成為什麼的感覺時

what is conscious so the question okay in humans pain feels like an inherent thing but at some point on that dimmer switch it's either off or

什麼是有意識的 所以問題是 好的 在人類中疼痛感覺像是內在的東西 但在那個調光開關的某個點上它要麼是關的要麼是

on yeah I did a bad job explaining sence to Adam but in my defense pretty much everybody does a bad job at this because it remains one of the biggest mysteries

開的 是的 我向Adam解釋感知能力做得很糟糕 但為我辯護 幾乎每個人都做得很糟糕 因為這仍然是科學中最大的謎團之一

in science so we'll just say for the purposes of this video that senscience and Consciousness can be used interchangeably and they refer to a state of basic awareness but we're

所以為了這個影片的目的 我們就說感知和意識可以互換使用 它們指的是一種基本覺察的狀態 但我們

talking about something more specific than just receiving sensory input all of these living things can sense their environment and respond to threats some robots can too but most people think it

談論的是比僅僅接收感覺輸入更具體的東西 所有這些生物都能感知它們的環境並對威脅做出反應 一些機器人也能 但大多數人認為

takes more than that for those electrical and chemical reactions to be experienced and produce feelings like pain you don't have to be intelligent to be sensient you just need to be

需要更多才能讓那些電和化學反應被體驗並產生像疼痛這樣的感受 你不需要聰明才能有感知 你只需要

aware and we don't really know how that awareness is generated we don't know how it's generated we don't know what it requires we just know it's like dark

有覺察 而我們真的不知道那種覺察是如何產生的 我們不知道它是如何產生的 我們不知道它需要什麼 我們只知道它像暗

matter it's in its existence is inferred by the fact that we're all here like observing things and feeling things and being nervous that we came across poorly

物質 它的存在是從我們都在這裡觀察事物、感受事物、擔心自己在派對上表現不好等等這個事實推斷出來的

at a party and whatnot so if if we don't know what is generating this awareness how can we say that some species have this and some don't that that's the

所以如果我們不知道是什麼在產生這種覺察 我們怎麼能說某些物種有這個而某些沒有 這就是

whole question of this story Adam I okay great I don't know I mean and and if you talk to any of these researchers or these philosophers who are who are

這個故事的整個問題 Adam 好的 太好了 我不知道 我是說 如果你和這些研究者或哲學家中的任何人交談

trying to do this they would say we can't be sure we can't prove it but they still think it's worth doing mhm so how would you try to figure out

試圖做這件事的人 他們會說我們無法確定 我們無法證明 但他們仍然認為值得做 嗯 所以你會怎麼試圖弄清楚

if a crab or an octopus could feel pain you'd probably poke it to see what it does right well in this study researchers pinched the tip of an

螃蟹或章魚是否能感受到疼痛 你可能會戳它看看它會怎麼做 對吧 在這項研究中研究人員捏了章魚的

octopus on arm right here where the arrow is and over the next several seconds you can see how it withdrew and kind of curled up to get away they also

手臂末端 就在這裡箭頭指的地方 在接下來幾秒鐘內你可以看到它如何收回並捲曲起來試圖逃開 他們還

tried dipping the arm in tap water which is harmful for octopuses and it withdrew even faster but the key detail here is that these arms are no longer attached

嘗試將手臂浸入自來水中 這對章魚是有害的 它收回得更快 但這裡的關鍵細節是這些手臂不再連接

to an octopus oh wow okay you tricked me uh yeah cuz I was imagining a Sad Little Octopus at the end of that arm but no this was just that word that I can't

在章魚身上 哦哇 好的 你騙了我 呃 是的 因為我想像的是一隻悲傷的小章魚在那隻手臂的末端 但不是 這只是那個我想不起來的詞

remember nois notion no susception right no susception is a warning system that detects harmful things with specialized nerve cells in our skin called no acceptors if the stimulus is strong

傷害感受 不對 傷害感受 對 傷害感受是一個警告系統 通過我們皮膚中稱為傷害感受器的特殊神經細胞檢測有害物質 如果刺激足夠強

enough these receptors can automatically tell the muscles to move away from the harmful thing that's the withdrawal reflex you've probably experienced this when you're not careful with your

這些感受器可以自動告訴肌肉遠離有害物質 這就是縮回反射 你可能在不小心碰到烤麵包機時經歷過

toaster and as you can imagine this is super useful for staying alive so you can find no susception across the Animal Kingdom so these are Escape reflexes

而且你可以想像這對存活非常有用 所以你可以在整個動物界找到傷害感受 所以這些是逃跑反射

from a crayfish a fruit fly larvae and a simple nematode worm in sensient animals that notive signal also travels to the parts of our brain that generate the experience of

來自小龍蝦、果蠅幼蟲和一種簡單的線蟲 在有感知能力的動物中 那個傷害感受信號也會傳到我們大腦中產生

ouch I don't like that so in medical research they often just call these pain receptors but what the severed octopus arm shows is that no susception can

「哎呀我不喜歡那個」體驗的部分 所以在醫學研究中他們經常把這些叫做疼痛感受器 但切斷的章魚手臂顯示的是傷害感受可以

produce a response in the absence of any awareness or pain and so for that reason we think the ability to respond isn't going to be enough enough perhaps what we're looking

在沒有任何覺察或疼痛的情況下產生反應 因此我們認為回應的能力不會足夠 也許我們要找的

for is something like the flexibility of the response Heather Browning is one of the authors on the review paper that convinced the UK to include invertebrates in their Welfare Law if

是反應的靈活性這樣的東西 Heather Browning是說服英國將無脊椎動物納入其福利法的審查論文的作者之一 如果

the goal is to distinguish reflex behaviors from a pain response what is the best way of going about doing that yeah I mean so obviously there's difficulties because no one really

目標是區分反射行為和疼痛反應 最好的方法是什麼 是的 我是說 顯然有困難 因為沒有人真的

agrees on whether you have control for enough things um but I guess you the kinds of things that you're looking for is perhaps new situations that the animal has experienced before so that it

同意你是否控制了足夠的因素 但我猜你要找的東西可能是動物以前經歷過的新情況 這樣它就

hasn't developed sort of a simple reflex response or just where the responses that you're seeing are flexible and relatively complex one of the key studies cited in their review involved a

沒有發展出簡單的反射反應 或者只是你看到的反應是靈活的和相對複雜的 他們審查中引用的一項關鍵研究涉及

very small octopus maybe 8 or 10 cm with its arms out and they were placed in this special tank that had been wallpapered with spots and Stripes so

一隻非常小的章魚 可能8或10公分 加上手臂 它們被放在這個用斑點和條紋貼滿牆紙的特殊水箱中 所以

first they just wanted to see which side of the tank it preferred and this cool octopus tracking system logged the time it spent in each chamber then the researcher injected some of the

首先他們只是想看看它喜歡水箱的哪一邊 這個很酷的章魚追蹤系統記錄了它在每個隔間花的時間 然後研究人員給一些

octopuses in the arm with some acetic acid this is basically a diluted vinegar and she told me this might feel like getting lemon juice in a paper cut these

章魚的手臂注射了一些醋酸 這基本上是稀釋的醋 她告訴我這可能感覺像在紙割傷處滴檸檬汁 這些

injections were done under sedation but when the animal woke up it was placed back in whichever side of the tank it initially preferred and locked on that

注射是在鎮靜狀態下進行的 但當動物醒來時它被放回水箱中它最初喜歡的那一邊 並被鎖在那

side for 20 minutes while the acid was in the arm then they were taken out and allowed to rest for 5 or 6 hours and then they repeated the preference test

一邊20分鐘 當酸在手臂中時 然後它們被取出並允許休息5或6小時 然後他們重複偏好測試

but now they changed their preference and spent less time in the chamber associated with the acid injection for comparison they had a control group that received a saltwater injection and those

但現在它們改變了偏好 在與酸注射相關的隔間中花的時間更少 作為對比 他們有一個接受鹽水注射的對照組 那些

animals did not change their preference this very carefully designed study is the first evidence for pain experience in the octopus you know this study has not been

動物沒有改變它們的偏好 這項非常精心設計的研究是章魚疼痛體驗的首個證據 你知道這項研究還沒有被

replicated that I know of but these are very statistically significant differences so basically there was some sort of some aspect of the pain experience was being remembered that

複製 據我所知 但這些是非常顯著的統計差異 所以基本上疼痛體驗的某些方面被記住了

they they were like I associate this striped room with that horrible paper cut I had earlier and I don't want to be around that so we're like pretty far

它們就像是 我把這個條紋房間和之前那個可怕的紙割傷聯繫起來 我不想待在那附近 所以我們離

from reflex at this point what Browning's team did is they came up with eight criteria these are sort of tests for sensient based on anatomy and behavior and after reviewing all of the

反射相當遠了 Browning的團隊做的是他們提出了八個標準 這些是基於解剖學和行為的感知測試 在審查了所有

research they could find they said octopuses meet seven criteria and we need more research on the eth what we can hope to do is gather a body of

他們能找到的研究後 他們說章魚滿足七個標準 我們需要對第八個進行更多研究 我們能希望做的是收集一系列

evidence so we not just give any one test or any one indicator but you know a body of evidence across a whole different range of things that should raise the probability of the sentience

證據 所以我們不只給出任何一個測試或任何一個指標 而是你知道 一系列跨越完全不同範圍的事物的證據 這應該提高感知

explanation that should make that just the better explanation for what we're observing than the skeptical explanation would be crabs satisfied at least five criteria based on studies showing that

解釋的可能性 這應該使這成為我們觀察到的更好解釋 而不是懷疑的解釋 螃蟹滿足至少五個標準 基於顯示

they can learn to avoid an area where they received an electric shock and that they will hold an injured claw close to their body and guard it with their other

它們可以學會避開接受電擊的區域 以及它們會將受傷的爪子靠近身體並用另一隻爪子保護它的研究

Limb and as a result the report recommended that octopus crabs and their close relatives be regarded as sensient for the purposes of UK law okay but here's the unsatisfying

因此報告建議章魚、螃蟹及其近親應被視為英國法律目的下的有感知能力動物 好的 但這裡是不令人滿意的

reality of it all if you EES drop on the conversations between researchers in these fields you'll find that there's no consensus on whether these are good criteria for sents some have said that

現實 如果你偷聽這些領域研究者之間的對話 你會發現對於這些是否是感知的好標準沒有共識 有些人說

under this framework a simple nematode worm could qualify for protection because they're capable of some basic learning and flexibility and it's hard to imagine that they're sensient with

在這個框架下 一條簡單的線蟲就可能有資格受到保護 因為它們能夠進行一些基本的學習和靈活性 很難想像它們只有

just 300 neurons although who knows and then there are some who still want to set the bar much higher and they claim that a neocortex is required to feel

300個神經元就有感知能力 雖然誰知道呢 然後還有一些人仍然想把標準設得更高 他們聲稱需要新皮質才能感受到

pain the problem with that is evolution offers plenty of examples of similar functions arising in different ways so we process our vision with our neocortex but we know lots of invertebrates can definitely

疼痛 這個說法的問題是進化提供了很多類似功能以不同方式產生的例子 所以我們用新皮質處理視覺 但我們知道很多無脊椎動物絕對能

see senss could be like that and that's what we may be learning from the octopus you know if we are persuaded by the octopus and the case recensions in

看見 感知可能就是這樣 這可能是我們從章魚身上學到的 你知道 如果我們被章魚和章魚感知的案例說服了

the octopus it dismisses this claim that you need a cortex to have Consciousness or senss and you know I think that raises a lot of possibilities totally yeah there's this one counter example

它就否定了你需要皮質才能擁有意識或感知的說法 你知道 我認為這提出了很多可能性 完全是的 有這一個反例

that we know for sure or not for sure but there's strong evidence from this one cerebral cortex missing creature that it's experiencing pain in a way that that we can kind of appreciate yeah

我們確定知道 或者不是確定 但有強有力的證據來自這一種缺少大腦皮層的生物 它正在以我們某種程度上能理解的方式經歷疼痛 是的

when I went to the aquarium recently the octopus seemed uncomfortable these crabs looked annoyed with each other I spent a long time watching a spiny Lobster just calmly clean itself it's easy to imagine

當我最近去水族館時 章魚看起來不舒服 這些螃蟹看起來彼此很煩躁 我花了很長時間看一隻刺龍蝦只是平靜地清理自己 很容易想像

that these animals are experiencing their lives but it's really hard to prove and if you want to get technical about it we can't prove that any animal

這些動物正在經歷它們的生活 但真的很難證明 如果你想技術性地看這件事 我們無法證明任何動物

or any human actually feels pain all we can do is ask them how they feel and it's just hard to figure out a way to pose that question to a

或任何人類真的感受到疼痛 我們能做的只是問他們感覺如何 而且很難想出一種方法向蝦子提出那個問題

shrimp in the meantime we use these animals every day in research labs and aquariums but mostly in restaurants and kitchens and there are only a handful of countries that regulate how the food

與此同時我們每天在研究實驗室和水族館使用這些動物 但主要是在餐廳和廚房 而且只有少數國家規定食品

industry treats invertebrates same goes for fish in the US it's mammals like cows and pigs that need to be stunned so that they're not awake when they're slaughtered and that's not because

行業如何對待無脊椎動物 魚類也是一樣 在美國 需要擊暈的是像牛和豬這樣的哺乳動物 這樣它們在被宰殺時就不會醒著 這不是因為

science proved that pigs are sensient they get the benefit of the doubt and while researchers will keep trying to understand the mechanisms of sension the UK has taken this small step to extend

科學證明了豬有感知能力 它們得到了疑罪從無的待遇 而當研究人員繼續嘗試理解感知的機制時 英國已經採取了這一小步來擴展

that benefit of the doubt to the other side of the family tree hey thank you for watching this video if you're new here howtown is a channel that investigates where facts

那種疑罪從無的待遇到生命樹的另一邊 嘿 感謝觀看這個影片 如果你是新來的 howtown是一個調查事實從哪裡來的頻道

come from it's something that Adam and I started on our own independently and to help keep it going we've set up a patreon page where we're providing bonus videos and conversations for supporters

這是Adam和我獨立開始的東西 為了幫助維持它 我們建立了一個Patreon頁面 我們為支持者提供額外影片和對話

of this project this week we'll be talking about insect sentence so when it comes to insect pain there has been this idea for a long time that they just

這週我們將討論崑蟲感知 所以說到崑蟲疼痛 長期以來有這樣一個想法 它們就是

don't react to injuries in the way that we would would expect a sensient animal to but I recently received a video from a researcher that is challenging this

不會以我們期望有感知能力的動物會有的方式對傷害做出反應 但我最近收到一位研究者的影片正在挑戰這個

idea and she was studying fumble Beats

想法 她在研究熊蜂