One of my earliest memories is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.

我最早的記憶之一是試圖叫醒我的一個親戚，但無法做到。

And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why, but as I got older, I realized we had drug addiction in my family,

我還是個小孩，所以我不太明白為什麼，但隨著我長大，我意識到我們家有藥物成癮問題，

including later cocaine addiction.

包括後來的可卡因成癮。

I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain,

我最近一直在思考這個問題，部分原因是現在距離美國和英國首次禁止藥物已經整整100年了，

and we then imposed that on the rest of the world.

然後我們將這強加給世界其他地方。

It's a century since we made this really fateful decision to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer, because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.

自從我們做出這個真正決定性的決定，對成癮者進行懲罰和讓他們受苦，已經一個世紀了，因為我們相信這會阻止他們；這會給他們停止的動力。

And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love, and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.

幾年前，我看著我生活中一些我愛著的成癮者，試圖找出是否有某種方法可以幫助他們。

And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions I just didn't know the answer to, like, what really causes addiction?

我意識到有大量令人難以置信的基本問題我根本不知道答案，比如，什麼真正導致成癮？

Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working, and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?

為什麼我們繼續使用這種似乎不起作用的方法，是否有更好的方法我們可以嘗試？

So I read loads of stuff about it, and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for, so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world

所以我讀了很多關於它的資料，我找不到我想要的答案，所以我想，好吧，我會去和世界各地不同的人坐下來

who lived this and studied this and talk to them and see if I could learn from them.

他們經歷過這個並研究過這個，和他們交談，看看我是否能從他們那裡學到東西。

And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start, but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people,

我沒有意識到一開始我會走超過30,000英里，但我最終去見了許多不同的人，

from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn, to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses to see if they like them --

從布魯克林布朗斯維爾的變性可卡因毒販，到花大量時間給貓鼬餵食迷幻藥以看看它們是否喜歡的科學家——

it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances -- to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs, from cannabis to crack, Portugal.

結果發現它們確實喜歡，但只在非常特定的情況下——到唯一一個曾經將所有藥物（從大麻到可卡因）非刑事化的國家，葡萄牙。

And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is, almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong, and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,

我意識到的真正讓我震驚的事情是，我們認為我們對成癮了解的一切幾乎都是錯誤的，如果我們開始吸收關於成癮的新證據，

I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.

我認為我們將不得不改變的不僅僅是我們的藥物政策。

But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.

但讓我們從我們認為我們知道的，我認為我知道的開始。

Let's think about this middle row here.

讓我們想想這裡的中間一排。

Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.

想像你們所有人，現在20天，去使用海洛因，每天三次。

Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.

你們中有些人看起來比其他人對這個前景更熱情。

Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.

別擔心，這只是一個思想實驗。

Imagine you did that, right?

想像你這樣做了，對吧？

Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.

現在，我們有一個關於會發生什麼的故事，我們已經被告知了一個世紀。

We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin, as you took it for a while, your body would become dependent on those hooks, you'd start to physically need them,

我們認為，因為海洛因中有化學鉤子，當你服用一段時間後，你的身體會對這些鉤子產生依賴，你會開始在身體上需要它們，

and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?

在那20天結束時，你們都會成為海洛因成癮者。對吧？

That's what I thought.

這就是我認為的。

First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story is when it was explained to me.

第一件讓我意識到這個故事有什麼不對的事情是當它被解釋給我聽時。

If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip, I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.

如果我今天走出這場TED演講，被車撞了，摔斷了髖部，我會被送到醫院，我會被給予大量的二嗎啡。

It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets, because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.

它實際上比你在街上買的海洛因好得多，因為你從毒販那裡買的東西是被污染的。

Actually, very little of it is heroin, whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.

實際上，其中很少是海洛因，而你從醫生那裡得到的東西是醫學純淨的。

And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time.

你會服用它相當長的一段時間。

There are loads of people in this room, you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin.

這個房間裡有很多人，你可能沒有意識到，你已經服用了相當多的海洛因。

And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.

任何在世界任何地方觀看這個的人，這正在發生。

And if what we believe about addiction is right -- those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks -- What should happen? They should become addicts.

如果我們對成癮的信念是正確的——那些人暴露在所有這些化學鉤子中——應該發生什麼？他們應該成為成癮者。

This has been studied really carefully.

這已經被非常仔細地研究過了。

It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement, she didn't come out as a junkie.

它沒有發生；你會注意到如果你的祖母做了髖關節置換，她沒有變成癮君子。

He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver who carried out an incredible experiment I think really helps us to understand this issue.

他是溫哥華的心理學教授，進行了一項令人難以置信的實驗，我認為這真的幫助我們理解這個問題。

Professor Alexander explained to me, the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story, comes partly from a series of experiments that were done earlier in the 20th century.

Alexander 教授向我解釋，我們腦海中對成癮的想法，那個故事，部分來自20世紀早期進行的一系列實驗。

You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic.

如果你覺得有點虐待狂，今晚你可以在家裡做這些。

You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles: One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.

你拿一隻老鼠，把它放在籠子裡，給它兩個水瓶：一個只是水，另一個是摻有海洛因或可卡因的水。

If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water and almost always kill itself quite quickly.

如果你這樣做，老鼠幾乎總是會選擇藥物水，幾乎總是很快就會自殺。

So there you go, right? That's how we think it works.

所以就是這樣，對吧？這就是我們認為它的運作方式。

In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment and he noticed something.

在70年代，Alexander 教授來了，他看著這個實驗，注意到了一些事情。

He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage.

他說，啊，我們把老鼠放在一個空籠子裡。

It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.

它除了使用這些藥物之外沒有別的事可做。

Let's try something different.

讓我們試試不同的東西。

So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park," which is basically heaven for rats.

所以 Alexander 教授建造了一個他稱之為「老鼠公園」的籠子，這基本上是老鼠的天堂。

They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls, they've got loads of tunnels.

它們有很多奶酪，有很多彩色球，有很多隧道。

Crucially, they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.

關鍵是，它們有很多朋友。它們可以有很多性行為。

And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water.

它們有兩個水瓶，普通水和摻藥的水。

But here's the fascinating thing: In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.

但這裡有件令人著迷的事情：在老鼠公園裡，它們不喜歡藥物水。

They almost never use it.

它們幾乎從不使用它。

None of them ever use it compulsively.

它們中沒有一個強迫性地使用它。

None of them ever overdose.

它們中沒有一個過量服用。

You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.

當它們被隔離時，你從幾乎100%的過量服用，到當它們有快樂和連接的生活時零過量服用。

Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought, maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us.

現在，當他第一次看到這個時，Alexander 教授想，也許這只是關於老鼠的事情，它們和我們很不同。

Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know -- But fortunately, there was a human experiment into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.

也許不像我們希望的那麼不同，但你知道——但幸運的是，有一個關於完全相同原則的人類實驗在同一時間發生。

It was called the Vietnam War.

它被稱為越南戰爭。

hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States when the war ends; it made total sense.

當戰爭結束時，美國街頭會有數十萬癮君子；這完全說得通。

Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.

現在，那些使用大量海洛因的士兵被跟蹤回家。

The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study, and what happened to them?

《普通精神病學檔案》做了一項非常詳細的研究，他們發生了什麼？

It turns out they didn't go to rehab. They didn't go into withdrawal.

結果發現他們沒有去康復中心。他們沒有進入戒斷。

Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.

他們中95%的人只是停止了。

Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks, that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think there might be a different story about addiction.

現在，如果你相信關於化學鉤子的故事，這完全沒有意義，但 Alexander 教授開始認為可能有一個關於成癮的不同故事。

He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?

他說，如果成癮不是關於你的化學鉤子呢？

What if addiction is about your cage?

如果成癮是關於你的籠子呢？

What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?

如果成癮是對你環境的適應呢？

Looking at this, there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.

看著這個，荷蘭有另一位教授叫 Peter Cohen，他說，也許我們甚至不應該稱它為成癮。

Maybe we should call it bonding.

也許我們應該稱它為連結。

Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond, and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other, but if you can't do that,

人類有自然和天生的連結需求，當我們快樂和健康時，我們會彼此連結和連接，但如果你不能這樣做，

because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life, you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.

因為你受到創傷或孤立或被生活擊垮，你會與能給你某種緩解感的東西連結。

Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography, that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis, but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.

現在，那可能是賭博，可能是色情，可能是可卡因，可能是大麻，但你會與某物連結和連接，因為這是我們的天性。

That's what we want as human beings.

這就是我們作為人類想要的。

And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around, but one way that helped me to think about it is,

一開始，我發現這是一個相當難以理解的事情，但幫助我思考它的一種方式是，

I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?

我可以看到，我座位旁邊有一瓶水，對吧？

I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you.

我看著你們很多人，你們很多人都有水瓶。

Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.

忘記藥物。忘記藥物戰爭。

Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?

完全合法地，所有那些水瓶都可能是伏特加瓶，對吧？

We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- -- but we're not.

我們都可以喝醉——我可能在這之後會——但我們沒有。

Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford

現在，因為你能負擔得起進入TED演講所需的大約無數英鎊，我猜你們可以負擔得起

to be drinking vodka for the next six months.

在接下來的六個月裡喝伏特加。

You wouldn't end up homeless.

你不會最終無家可歸。

You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that is not because anyone's stopping you.

你不會這樣做，你不這樣做的原因不是因為有人阻止你。

It's because you've got bonds and connections that you want to be present for.

這是因為你有你想在場的連結和連接。

You've got work you love. You've got people you love.

你有你愛的工作。你有你愛的人。

You've got healthy relationships.

你有健康的關係。

And a core part of addiction, I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests, is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.

我開始認為，成癮的核心部分，我相信證據表明，是關於無法忍受在你生活中在場。

Now, this has really significant implications.

現在，這有非常重大的影響。

The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.

最明顯的影響是對毒品戰爭的。

and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.

當那些婦女出獄時，她們會有犯罪記錄，這意味著她們永遠不會再在合法經濟中工作。

Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang, but actually almost everywhere in the world we treat addicts to some degree like that.

現在，這是一個非常極端的例子，顯然，在鏈幫的情況下，但實際上世界上幾乎到處我們都在某種程度上這樣對待成癮者。

We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records.

我們懲罰他們。我們羞辱他們。我們給他們犯罪記錄。

We put barriers between them reconnecting.

我們在他們重新連接之間設置障礙。

There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man, who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse,

加拿大有一位醫生，Dr. Gabor Maté，一個了不起的人，他對我說，如果你想設計一個會讓成癮變得更糟的系統，

you would design that system.

你會設計那個系統。

Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite, and I went there to see how it worked.

現在，有一個地方決定做完全相反的事情，我去那裡看看它是如何運作的。

In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.

2000年，葡萄牙有歐洲最嚴重的藥物問題之一。

One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing, and every year, they tried the American way more and more.

百分之一的人口對海洛因成癮，這有點令人震驚，每年，他們越來越多地嘗試美國的方式。

They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more, and every year, the problem got worse.

他們懲罰人們，污名化他們，羞辱他們更多，每年，問題變得更糟。

And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together, and basically said, look, we can't go on with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.

有一天，總理和反對黨領袖聚在一起，基本上說，看，我們不能繼續這樣一個國家，我們有越來越多的人成為海洛因成癮者。

Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.

讓我們成立一個由科學家和醫生組成的小組，找出真正能解決問題的方法。

And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão, to look at all this new evidence, and they came back and they said,

他們成立了一個由一位了不起的人 Dr. João Goulão 領導的小組，查看所有這些新證據，他們回來後說，

"Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" -- and this is the crucial next step -- "take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,

「將所有藥物從大麻到可卡因非刑事化，但」——這是關鍵的下一步——「將我們過去用於切斷成癮者、

on disconnecting them, and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society." And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment in the United States and Britain.

斷開他們連接的所有資金，改為花在將他們與社會重新連接上。」這不是我們在美國和英國所認為的藥物治療。

So they do do residential rehab, they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.

所以他們確實做住院康復，他們確實做心理治療，這確實有一些價值。

But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do: a massive program of job creation for addicts, and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.

但他們做的最大的事情與我們做的完全相反：為成癮者創造就業的大規模計劃，以及為成癮者設立小企業的小額貸款。

So say you used to be a mechanic.

所以說你以前是個機械師。

When you're ready, they'll go to a garage, and they'll say, if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages.

當你準備好時，他們會去一個車庫，他們會說，如果你僱用這個人一年，我們會支付他一半的工資。

The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal had something to get out of bed for in the morning.

目標是確保葡萄牙的每個成癮者早上都有起床的理由。

And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal, what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose, they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.

當我去見葡萄牙的成癮者時，他們說的是，當他們重新發現目標時，他們重新發現了與更廣泛社會的連結和關係。

It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began, and the results are in: injecting drug use is down in Portugal, according to the British Journal of Criminology,

今年將是那個實驗開始以來的15年，結果出來了：根據《英國犯罪學雜誌》，葡萄牙的注射藥物使用下降了

by 50 percent, five-zero percent.

50%，五零%。

Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.

過量服用大幅下降，成癮者中的HIV大幅下降。

Addiction in every study is significantly down.

每項研究中的成癮都顯著下降。

One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal wants to go back to the old system.

你知道它運作得如此之好的一個方式是，葡萄牙幾乎沒有人想回到舊系統。

Now, that's the political implications.

現在，這是政治影響。

I actually think there's a layer of implications to all this research below that.

我實際上認為所有這些研究都有一層低於此的影響。

We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable to all sorts of addictions, whether it's to their smartphones or to shopping or to eating.

我們生活在一個文化中，人們對各種成癮感到越來越脆弱，無論是對智能手機、購物還是飲食。

Before these talks began -- you guys know this -- we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on, and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like

在這些演講開始之前——你們知道這個——我們被告知不允許打開我們的智能手機，我必須說，你們很多人看起來非常像

addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable for the next couple of hours.

被告知他們的毒販在接下來的幾個小時內將無法使用的成癮者。