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In a 2019 study, over 400 participants were enlisted to learn a mysterious, invented language.
在 2019 年的一項研究中，超過 400 名參與者被招募來學習一種神秘的、發明的語言。
Individuals were asked about three pairs of runes— for example, which of these two characters represents an animal?
個人被問到三對符文，例如，這兩個字符中哪一個代表動物？
Then, after a brief break, they were asked about the same rune pairs with questions flipped, as in, which of these two runes represents a non-living object?
然後，在短暫休息後，他們被問到相同的符文對，但問題翻轉了，例如，這兩個符文中哪一個代表非生物？
But this game had a secret— The subjects’ answers in round one determined the runes’ meanings in round two.
但這個遊戲有一個秘密——受試者在第一輪的答案決定了第二輪符文的含義。
In the first round, participants either had all their answers marked as correct no matter what, or they were forced to fail every question.
在第一輪中，參與者要麼無論如何他們的所有答案都被標記為正確，要麼他們被迫每題都失敗。
This meant that at the break, every participant had the same amount of information, and in round two they were playing for real.
這意味著在休息時，每個參與者都有相同數量的資訊，在第二輪中他們真正在玩。
But despite this even playing field, the successful participants from round one rose to the top of the ranks, while those cast as failures kept, well, failing.
但儘管有這個公平的競爭環境，第一輪成功的參與者上升到排名頂部，而那些被視為失敗者的人繼續，好吧，失敗。
People often describe failure as a teachable moment— a necessary stumble on our way to improvement.
人們經常將失敗描述為一個可教的時刻——我們改進路上必要的絆腳石。
But learning from our mistakes isn't always easy, especially when those failures are demoralizing, overwhelming, or just downright confusing.
但從我們的錯誤中學習並不總是容易的，特別是當那些失敗令人沮喪、壓倒性或只是完全令人困惑時。
So what exactly prevents us from turning our mistakes into mastery?
那麼到底是什麼阻止我們將錯誤轉化為精通？
Perhaps the most obvious hurdle to learning from failure is how painful it can be.
也許從失敗中學習最明顯的障礙是它可能有多痛苦。
People generally want to think of themselves as capable and competent, and experiencing failure threatens that self-image.
人們通常想認為自己是有能力和有能力的，經歷失敗威脅到那個自我形象。
In a survey following a replication of the rune study, participants in the failure group indicated much lower levels of self-confidence after participating.
在一項複製符文研究的調查中，失敗組的參與者表示參與後的自信心水平要低得多。
It’s tempting to dismiss this pain as a temporary setback.
很容易將這種痛苦視為暫時的挫折而忽略。
But some studies have found that when people feel demoralized or incompetent, their brains often stop processing new information.
但一些研究發現，當人們感到沮喪或無能時，他們的大腦經常停止處理新資訊。
This suggests that if a threat to your self-esteem is large enough, it can undermine your ability to learn.
這表明，如果對你自尊的威脅足夠大，它可能會破壞你學習的能力。
However, your tolerance for failure also depends on your relationship with the task at hand.
然而，你對失敗的容忍度也取決於你與手頭任務的關係。
In a study from 2011, researchers surveyed a group of American students enrolled in introductory and advanced French courses.
在 2011 年的一項研究中，研究人員調查了一群註冊入門和高級法語課程的美國學生。
These students completed a questionnaire asking what kind of teacher they preferred— one who emphasized their strengths and successes, or one who highlighted their mistakes and corrected their weaknesses.
這些學生完成了一份問捲，詢問他們喜歡什麼樣的老師——一個強調他們優勢和成功的老師，還是一個突出他們錯誤並糾正他們弱點的老師。
In general, responses showed that while beginner students sought positive reinforcement, advanced students were more eager for critical feedback.
總的來說，回應顯示，雖然初學者尋求積極強化，但高級學生更渴望批評性反饋。
Researchers have theorized a handful of explanations for these results.
研究人員已經為這些結果理論化了幾種解釋。
Having just started out, beginners are still determining if they enjoy learning French and if they want to continue studying, so they might crave praise as a way to stay motivated.
剛剛開始，初學者仍在確定他們是否喜歡學習法語，以及是否想繼續學習，所以他們可能渴望讚美作為保持動力的方式。
On the other hand, the advanced students are already invested, so they may want to improve their skills as efficiently as possible.
另一方面，高級學生已經投入了，所以他們可能想盡可能有效地提高他們的技能。
The process of gaining expertise also comes with its fair share of failure, so the advanced students may have built a higher tolerance for making mistakes.
獲得專業知識的過程也伴隨著相當多的失敗，所以高級學生可能已經建立了對犯錯誤的更高容忍度。
But whether you're an expert or a novice, it’s usually much more straightforward to learn from your successes than your failures.
但無論你是專家還是新手，從成功中學習通常比從失敗中學習要直接得多。
For example, imagine getting your grade back on an exam.
例如，想像一下你收到考試成績。
If you aced it, you could reasonably assume you made good choices around when, what, and how much to study, and you can replicate those decisions for the next test.
如果你考得很好，你可以合理地假設你在何時、什麼和學習多少方面做出了好的選擇，你可以為下一次考試複製那些決定。
But if you failed, it could be for any number of reasons.
但如果你失敗了，可能是因為任何數量的原因。
Maybe you didn’t study enough, maybe you studied the wrong information, or maybe you did everything right and the test covered things you shouldn't have been expected to know.
也許你學習不夠，也許你學習了錯誤的資訊，或者也許你做的一切都對，但考試涵蓋了你本不應該被期望知道的東西。
In cases like this, it’s unclear exactly what went wrong, making it difficult to learn how to improve.
在這種情況下，不清楚到底出了什麼問題，使得很難學習如何改進。
Wanting to learn from our failures is completely natural, and there’s a lot to gain by being resilient and cultivating a growth mindset.
想要從我們的失敗中學習是完全自然的，通過保持韌性和培養成長心態可以獲得很多。
But fixating on your failures can make it easy to forget all your successes.
但專注於你的失敗很容易讓你忘記你所有的成功。
And building on what you’re doing right can be more effective than focusing on what you did wrong.
建立在你在做對的事情上可能比專注於你做錯的事情更有效。
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In a 2019 study, over 400 participants were enlisted to learn a mysterious, invented language.
在 2019 年的一項研究中，超過 400 名參與者被招募來學習一種神秘的、發明的語言。
Individuals were asked about three pairs of runes— for example, which of these two characters represents an animal?
個人被問到三對符文，例如，這兩個字符中哪一個代表動物？
Then, after a brief break, they were asked about the same rune pairs with questions flipped, as in, which of these two runes represents a non-living object?
然後，在短暫休息後，他們被問到相同的符文對，但問題翻轉了，例如，這兩個符文中哪一個代表非生物？
But this game had a secret— The subjects’ answers in round one determined the runes’ meanings in round two.
但這個遊戲有一個秘密——受試者在第一輪的答案決定了第二輪符文的含義。
In the first round, participants either had all their answers marked as correct no matter what, or they were forced to fail every question.
在第一輪中，參與者要麼無論如何他們的所有答案都被標記為正確，要麼他們被迫每題都失敗。
This meant that at the break, every participant had the same amount of information, and in round two they were playing for real.
這意味著在休息時，每個參與者都有相同數量的資訊，在第二輪中他們真正在玩。
But despite this even playing field, the successful participants from round one rose to the top of the ranks, while those cast as failures kept, well, failing.
但儘管有這個公平的競爭環境，第一輪成功的參與者上升到排名頂部，而那些被視為失敗者的人繼續，好吧，失敗。
People often describe failure as a teachable moment— a necessary stumble on our way to improvement.
人們經常將失敗描述為一個可教的時刻——我們改進路上必要的絆腳石。
But learning from our mistakes isn't always easy, especially when those failures are demoralizing, overwhelming, or just downright confusing.
但從我們的錯誤中學習並不總是容易的，特別是當那些失敗令人沮喪、壓倒性或只是完全令人困惑時。
So what exactly prevents us from turning our mistakes into mastery?
那麼到底是什麼阻止我們將錯誤轉化為精通？
Perhaps the most obvious hurdle to learning from failure is how painful it can be.
也許從失敗中學習最明顯的障礙是它可能有多痛苦。
People generally want to think of themselves as capable and competent, and experiencing failure threatens that self-image.
人們通常想認為自己是有能力和有能力的，經歷失敗威脅到那個自我形象。
In a survey following a replication of the rune study, participants in the failure group indicated much lower levels of self-confidence after participating.
在一項複製符文研究的調查中，失敗組的參與者表示參與後的自信心水平要低得多。
It’s tempting to dismiss this pain as a temporary setback.
很容易將這種痛苦視為暫時的挫折而忽略。
But some studies have found that when people feel demoralized or incompetent, their brains often stop processing new information.
但一些研究發現，當人們感到沮喪或無能時，他們的大腦經常停止處理新資訊。
This suggests that if a threat to your self-esteem is large enough, it can undermine your ability to learn.
這表明，如果對你自尊的威脅足夠大，它可能會破壞你學習的能力。
However, your tolerance for failure also depends on your relationship with the task at hand.
然而，你對失敗的容忍度也取決於你與手頭任務的關係。
In a study from 2011, researchers surveyed a group of American students enrolled in introductory and advanced French courses.
在 2011 年的一項研究中，研究人員調查了一群註冊入門和高級法語課程的美國學生。
These students completed a questionnaire asking what kind of teacher they preferred— one who emphasized their strengths and successes, or one who highlighted their mistakes and corrected their weaknesses.
這些學生完成了一份問捲，詢問他們喜歡什麼樣的老師——一個強調他們優勢和成功的老師，還是一個突出他們錯誤並糾正他們弱點的老師。
In general, responses showed that while beginner students sought positive reinforcement, advanced students were more eager for critical feedback.
總的來說，回應顯示，雖然初學者尋求積極強化，但高級學生更渴望批評性反饋。
Researchers have theorized a handful of explanations for these results.
研究人員已經為這些結果理論化了幾種解釋。
Having just started out, beginners are still determining if they enjoy learning French and if they want to continue studying, so they might crave praise as a way to stay motivated.
剛剛開始，初學者仍在確定他們是否喜歡學習法語，以及是否想繼續學習，所以他們可能渴望讚美作為保持動力的方式。
On the other hand, the advanced students are already invested, so they may want to improve their skills as efficiently as possible.
另一方面，高級學生已經投入了，所以他們可能想盡可能有效地提高他們的技能。
The process of gaining expertise also comes with its fair share of failure, so the advanced students may have built a higher tolerance for making mistakes.
獲得專業知識的過程也伴隨著相當多的失敗，所以高級學生可能已經建立了對犯錯誤的更高容忍度。
But whether you're an expert or a novice, it’s usually much more straightforward to learn from your successes than your failures.
但無論你是專家還是新手，從成功中學習通常比從失敗中學習要直接得多。
For example, imagine getting your grade back on an exam.
例如，想像一下你收到考試成績。
If you aced it, you could reasonably assume you made good choices around when, what, and how much to study, and you can replicate those decisions for the next test.
如果你考得很好，你可以合理地假設你在何時、什麼和學習多少方面做出了好的選擇，你可以為下一次考試複製那些決定。
But if you failed, it could be for any number of reasons.
但如果你失敗了，可能是因為任何數量的原因。
Maybe you didn’t study enough, maybe you studied the wrong information, or maybe you did everything right and the test covered things you shouldn't have been expected to know.
也許你學習不夠，也許你學習了錯誤的資訊，或者也許你做的一切都對，但考試涵蓋了你本不應該被期望知道的東西。
In cases like this, it’s unclear exactly what went wrong, making it difficult to learn how to improve.
在這種情況下，不清楚到底出了什麼問題，使得很難學習如何改進。
Wanting to learn from our failures is completely natural, and there’s a lot to gain by being resilient and cultivating a growth mindset.
想要從我們的失敗中學習是完全自然的，通過保持韌性和培養成長心態可以獲得很多。
But fixating on your failures can make it easy to forget all your successes.
但專注於你的失敗很容易讓你忘記你所有的成功。
And building on what you’re doing right can be more effective than focusing on what you did wrong.
建立在你在做對的事情上可能比專注於你做錯的事情更有效。